| General Practice | 1 | Internship (first postgraduate year) without completing a specialty residency (1) |
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| Emergency Medicine | 3–4 | Emergency medicine residency (3-4) |
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| Family Medicine | 3–4 | Family medicine residency (3) |
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| Hospitalist | 3 | Internal medicine or family medicine residency (3) |
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| Internal Medicine | 3 | Internal medicine residency (3) |
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| Obesity Medicine | 3–5 | Residency in a primary specialty (3-4) → Obesity medicine certification (fellowship optional) |
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| Occupational Medicine | 3 | Occupational medicine residency (including first clinical year) (3) |
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| Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine | 3 | Osteopathic neuromusculoskeletal medicine residency (including first clinical year) (3) |
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| Pediatrics | 3 | Pediatrics residency (3) |
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| Preventive Medicine & Public Health | 3 | Preventive medicine residency (including first clinical year) (3) |
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| Addiction Medicine | 4–5 | Residency in family medicine / internal medicine / psychiatry / another specialty (3) → Addiction medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Anesthesiology | 4 | Anesthesiology residency (including first clinical year) (4) |
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| Dermatology | 4 | Dermatology residency (including first clinical year) (4) |
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| Forensic Pathology | 4–5 | Pathology residency (3-4) → Forensic pathology fellowship (1) |
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| Geriatric Medicine | 4 | Internal medicine or family medicine residency (3) → Geriatric medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Hospice & Palliative Medicine | 4–5 | Residency in a primary specialty (3-4) → Hospice and palliative medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Medical Genetics | 4–5 | Medical genetics and genomics residency (after other training or in a combined program) (2-4) |
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| Neurology | 4 | Neurology residency (including first clinical year) (4) |
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| Nuclear Medicine | 4 | Nuclear medicine residency (after a first clinical year) (4) |
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| OB-GYN (Obstetrics & Gynecology) | 4 | Obstetrics and gynecology residency (4) |
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| Ophthalmology | 4 | Ophthalmology residency (including first clinical year) (4) |
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| Pathology | 4 | Pathology residency (anatomic and clinical) (4) |
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| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R) | 4 | Physical medicine and rehabilitation residency (including first clinical year) (4) |
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| Psychiatry | 4 | Psychiatry residency (4) |
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| Sleep Medicine | 4–5 | Residency in a primary specialty (3-4) → Sleep medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Sports Medicine | 4–5 | Family medicine / internal medicine / pediatrics / emergency medicine residency (3-4) → Sports medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Allergy & Immunology | 5 | Internal medicine or pediatrics residency (3) → Allergy and immunology fellowship (2) |
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| Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | 5–6 | Psychiatry residency (3) → Child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship (2) |
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| Child Neurology | 5 | Child neurology residency (including 2 years of pediatrics) (5) |
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| Critical Care Medicine | 5–6 | Internal medicine / anesthesiology / emergency medicine / surgery residency (3-5) → Critical care fellowship (1-2) |
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| Dermatopathology | 5 | Dermatology or pathology residency (4) → Dermatopathology fellowship (1) |
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| Endocrinology & Diabetes | 5 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Endocrinology fellowship (2) |
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| ENT (Otolaryngology) | 5 | Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery residency (5) |
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| General Surgery | 5 | General surgery residency (5) |
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| Hematology | 5 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Hematology fellowship (2) |
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| Infectious Disease | 5 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Infectious disease fellowship (2) |
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| Medical Oncology | 5–6 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Medical oncology fellowship (often combined with hematology) (2-3) |
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| Mohs Surgery | 5 | Dermatology residency (4) → Micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology fellowship (1) |
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| Nephrology (Kidney) | 5 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Nephrology fellowship (2) |
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| Orthopedic Surgery | 5 | Orthopaedic surgery residency (5) |
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| Pain Medicine | 5 | Anesthesiology / PM&R / neurology residency (4) → Pain medicine fellowship (1) |
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| Pediatric Anesthesiology | 5 | Anesthesiology residency (4) → Pediatric anesthesiology fellowship (1) |
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| Pulmonology | 5–6 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Pulmonary (or pulmonary and critical care) fellowship (2-3) |
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| Radiation Oncology | 5 | Radiation oncology residency (including first clinical year) (5) |
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| Radiology | 5 | Diagnostic radiology residency (including first clinical year) (5) |
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| Rheumatology | 5 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Rheumatology fellowship (2) |
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| Urology | 5 | Urology residency (including general surgery year) (5) |
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| Vascular Surgery | 5–7 | Integrated vascular surgery residency (5 years) or general surgery then vascular fellowship (5 + 2 years) (5-7) |
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| Adolescent Medicine | 6 | Pediatrics / internal medicine / family medicine residency (3) → Adolescent medicine fellowship (3) |
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| Cardiology | 6 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Cardiovascular disease fellowship (3) |
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| Cardiothoracic Surgery | 6–8 | Integrated thoracic surgery residency (6 years) or general surgery then thoracic surgery (5 + 2-3 years) (6-8) |
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| Colorectal Surgery | 6 | General surgery residency (5) → Colon and rectal surgery fellowship (1) |
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| Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Developmental-behavioral pediatrics fellowship (3) |
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| Facial Plastic Surgery | 6 | Otolaryngology residency (5) → Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery fellowship (1) |
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| Gastroenterology | 6 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Gastroenterology fellowship (3) |
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| Hand Surgery | 6–7 | Orthopaedic / plastic / general surgery residency (5-6) → Hand surgery fellowship (1) |
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| Hematology & Oncology | 6 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Hematology and medical oncology fellowship (3) |
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| Interventional Radiology | 6 | Integrated interventional radiology residency (including first clinical year) (6) |
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| Joint Replacement Surgery | 6 | Orthopaedic surgery residency (5) → Adult reconstructive (joint replacement) fellowship (1) |
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| Neonatology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship (3) |
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| Neuroradiology | 6–7 | Diagnostic radiology residency (5) → Neuroradiology fellowship (1-2) |
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| Pediatric Cardiology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric cardiology fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Critical Care | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric critical care fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Emergency Medicine | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3 years) or emergency medicine residency (3-4 years) (3-4) → Pediatric emergency medicine fellowship (2-3) |
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| Pediatric Endocrinology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric endocrinology fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Gastroenterology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric gastroenterology fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Hematology & Oncology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric hematology-oncology fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Infectious Disease | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric infectious diseases fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Nephrology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric nephrology fellowship (3) |
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| Pediatric Pulmonology | 6 | Pediatrics residency (3) → Pediatric pulmonology fellowship (3) |
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| Plastic Surgery | 6–8 | Integrated plastic surgery residency (6) |
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| Retina Specialist | 6 | Ophthalmology residency (4) → Vitreoretinal fellowship (2) |
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| Spine Surgery | 6–8 | Orthopaedic surgery or neurosurgery residency (5-7) → Spine surgery fellowship (1) |
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| Trauma Surgery | 6–7 | General surgery residency (5) → Surgical critical care or trauma fellowship (1-2) |
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| Cardiac Electrophysiology | 7–8 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Cardiovascular disease fellowship (3) → Clinical cardiac electrophysiology fellowship (1-2) |
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| Fertility (Reproductive Endocrinology) | 7 | Obstetrics and gynecology residency (4) → Reproductive endocrinology and infertility fellowship (3) |
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| Gynecologic Oncology | 7 | Obstetrics and gynecology residency (4) → Gynecologic oncology fellowship (3) |
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| Heart Failure & Transplant Cardiology | 7 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Cardiovascular disease fellowship (3) → Advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology fellowship (1) |
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| Hepatology | 7 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Gastroenterology fellowship (3) → Transplant hepatology fellowship (1) |
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| Interventional Cardiology | 7 | Internal medicine residency (3) → Cardiovascular disease fellowship (3) → Interventional cardiology fellowship (1) |
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| Maternal-Fetal Medicine (High-Risk Pregnancy) | 7 | Obstetrics and gynecology residency (4) → Maternal-fetal medicine fellowship (3) |
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| Neurosurgery | 7 | Neurological surgery residency (including first clinical year) (7) |
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| Pediatric Surgery | 7 | General surgery residency (5) → Pediatric surgery fellowship (2) |
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| Surgical Oncology | 7 | General surgery residency (5) → Complex general surgical oncology fellowship (2) |
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| Transplant Surgery | 7 | General surgery residency (5) → Transplant surgery fellowship (2) |
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| Urogynecology | 7–8 | Obstetrics and gynecology (or urology) residency (4-5) → Urogynecology fellowship (3) |
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